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Fascial spaces (also termed fascial tissue spaces,〔 or tissue spaces), are potential spaces that exist between the fascia and underlying organs and other tissues. In health, these spaces do not exist, they are only created by pathology. E.g. the spread of pus or cellulitis in an infection. The fascial spaces can also be opened during the dissection of a cadaver. The fascial spaces are different from the fascia itself, which are bands of connective tissue that surrounds structures, e.g. muscles. The opening of fascial spaces may be facilitated by pathogenic bacterial release of enzymes which cause tissue lysis (e.g. hyaluronidase and collagenase).〔 The spaces filled with loose areolar connective tissue may also be termed clefts. Other contents such as salivary glands, blood vessels, nerves or lymph nodes are dependent upon the location of the space. Those containing neurovascular tissue (nerves and blood vessels) may also be termed compartments. Generally, the spread of infection is determined by barriers such as muscle, bone and fascia. Pus moves by the path of least resistance,〔 e.g. the fluid will more readily dissect apart loosely connected tissue planes, such the fascial spaces, than erode through bone or muscles. In the head and neck, potential spaces are primarily defined by the complex attachment of muscles, especially mylohyoid, buccinator, masseter, medial pterygoid, superior constrictor and orbicularis oris. Infections involving fascial spaces of the head and neck may give varying signs and symptoms depending upon the space(s) involved. Trismus (difficulty opening the mouth) is a sign that the muscles of mastication (the muscles that move the jaw) are involved.〔 Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and dyspnoea (difficulty breathing) may be a sign that the airway is being compressed by the swelling. ==Classification== Different classifications are used. One method distinguishes four anatomic groups:〔 * The mandible and below * * The buccal vestibule * * The body of the mandible * * The mental space * * The submental space * * The sublingual space * * The submandibular space * The cheek and lateral face * *The buccal vestibule of the maxilla * * The buccal space * * The submasseteric space * * The temporal space * The pharyngeal and cervical areas * *The pterygomandibular space * * The parapharyngeal spaces * * The cervical spaces * The midface * * The palate * * The base of the upper lip * * The canine spaces (infraorbital spaces) * * The periorbital spaces Since the hyoid bone is the most important anatomic structure in the neck that limits the spread of infection, the spaces can be classified according to their relation to the hyoid bone: * Suprahyoid (above the hyoid) * Infrahyoid (below the hyoid) * Fascial spaces traversing the length of the neck In oral and maxillofacial surgery, the fascial spaces are almost always of relevance due to the spread of odontogenic infections. As such, the spaces can also be classified according to their relation to the upper and lower teeth, and whether infection may directly spread into the space (primary space), or must spread via another space (secondary space): * Primary maxillary spaces * * Canine space * * Buccal space * * Infratemporal space * Primary mandibular spaces * * Submental space * * Buccal space * * Submandibular space * * Sublingual space * * Submasseteric space * Cervical spaces 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「fascial spaces of the head and neck」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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